The Mole Concept 40 Chemical Calculations and Use of Molal Quantities 42 3.2.1 Molar Volume of Gaseous Substances 44 3.2.2 Equivalent Weight 45 3.3 Density and Specific Gravity 46 3.4 Specific Gravity Scales 47 3.5 Composition of Solids, Liquids and Gases 50 3.5.1 Mass Fraction (Weight Fraction) 50 3.5.2 Mass Percent (Weight Percent) 50 3.5.3 Mass Ratio 51 3.5.4 Dry Basis and Wet Basis 51 3.5.5 Mole Fraction and Mole Percent 53 3.5.6 Volume Fraction and Volume Percent 54 3.6 Other Expressions for Concentrations 56 3.7 Chemical Reactions and Process Calculations 59 3.7.1 Excess and Limiting Reactant 59 3.7.2 Conversion 61 3.7.3 Yield 62 3.7.4 Extent of Reaction 63 Exercises 66 Units and Dimensions 13 System of Units 14 2.2.1 SI Units 15 2.2.2 Derived Units 15 2.2.3 SI Prefixes 17 2.2.4 General Guidelines on the Use of SI Units vĬonversion of Units 20 2.3.1 Some Important Derived Quantities and Their Conversion 2.3.2 Conversion of Empirical Equations 27 2.4 Dimensionless Equations 31 2.5 Dimensional Analysis 31 2.5.1 Dimensionless Groups in Chemical Engineering Practice Exercises 36 Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.Ĭhemistry versus Chemical Engineering 1 Chemical Process Industry 2 Greatest Achievements in Chemical Engineering History of Chemical Engineering 5 Chemical Engineering in India 6 Unit Operations and Unit Processes 7 1.6.1 Fluid Flow Operations 8 1.6.2 Heat Transfer Operations 8 1.6.3 Evaporation 9 1.6.4 Mass Transfer Operations 9 1.6.5 Mechanical Separations 11 1.6.6 Size Reduction 11 1.6.7 Mixing 11 Stoichiometry and Process Calculations 12 ISBN-978-8-8 The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2006 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. STOICHIOMETRY AND PROCESS CALCULATIONS K.V. Lakshmikutty Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Government Engineering College Thrissur, Kerala Narayanan Former Professor and Head Department of Chemical Engineering Government Engineering College Thrissur, Keralaī. ST OICHIOMETR Y AND STOICHIOMETR OICHIOMETRY PR OCESS CAL CULA TIONS PROCESS CALCULA CULATIONS Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts that plot as a function of pressure at constant temperature.10: Material Balance with Chemical Reaction
For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases, the gas composition must be known before compressibility can be calculated. Compressibility factor values are usually obtained by calculation from equations of state (EOS), such as the virial equation which take compound-specific empirical constants as input. In general, deviation from ideal behaviour becomes more significant the closer a gas is to a phase change, the lower the temperature or the larger the pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for the real gas behaviour. It is simply defined as the ratio of the molar volume of a gas to the molar volume of an ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure. In thermodynamics, the compressibility factor ( Z), also known as the compression factor or the gas deviation factor, is a correction factor which describes the deviation of a real gas from ideal gas behaviour. Read this K-value off the chart (approximately 21.3).